Pennsylvania

Before welfare reform in 1996, states were mostly required to give cash assistance to anyone who was eligible — without work requirements or time limits. The amount of money from the federal government varied year to year based on need. After welfare reform, the government capped the program at $16.5 billion dollars. Now, states receive a block grant, and they can choose to spend their federal money as long as it fits within four categories:

• Provide assistance to needy families so that children may be cared for in their own homes or in the homes of relatives;
• End the dependence of needy parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work and marriage;
• Prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies and establish annual numerical goals for preventing and reducing the incidence of these pregnancies;
• Encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families.

The bulk of Pennsylvania's spending — nearly 78 percent, or $901 million — went to the core welfare reform goals of basic assistance, work support and activities and child care in 2016, with a heavy emphasis on child care. While not a driving component of its spending, Pennsylvania was the first state to permit the use of federal welfare funds for an anti-abortion group, Real Alternatives, which has set up crisis pregnancy centers in the state and has since expanded to Indiana and Michigan.

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Note: Single-year labels represent two-year averages; for example '2016' represents '2015-2016'.